Measuring Residents' Perceptions of Corporate Social Responsibility at Small- and Medium-Sized Sports Events.

Due to the increase of sports events in local communities, it has become essential to organize such events in a socially responsible way at the environmental, social, and economic levels. The aim of this research was to develop a measurement tool to help determine the degree of social responsibility perceived by residents at small-medium scale sports events, to guide sports managers towards the design of socially responsible sports events. From the elaboration of a questionnaire developed ad-hoc, the perception of the residents was analyzed (n = 516). The psychometric properties of the tool, composed of 35 items, were analyzed by means of an exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. As main conclusions, we were able to contrast the validity and reliability of the questionnaire on the perception of corporate social responsibility in small-scale sports events, around the dimensions of Sustainable Sports Activity, Social Cohesion, and Well-Being. As a consequence, it allowed us to identify three strategic management areas towards which the organizers of these events should focus special attention if they want to progress towards the achievement of socially responsible sports events.

Future Intentions of Fitness Center Customers: Effect of Emotions, Perceived Well-Being and Management Variables.

One of the main objectives of fitness center managers is to obtain high levels of loyalty from the customers of these fitness centers. Within the existing literature on fitness center management, previous research has analyzed the importance of the management variables themselves to determine the behavioral intentions of their customers, ignoring other psychological and sociodemographic aspects and focusing on linear relationship models. Therefore, this study, which aims to analyze the impact of different management variables along with psychological (emotions and subjective well-being) and demographic variables (age and sex) on the satisfaction, perceived value (PV) and future intentions (FI) of 398 users (216 men, aged 18-75, Mean = 35.89 ± 14.53) of a fitness center, intends to fill this gap. In this study, two different methodologies are used, i.e., hierarchical regressions models (HRM) and qualitative comparative analysis (QCA). The data were obtained by means of a self-administered questionnaire composed of 69 items that collected different previously validated scales. Considering HRM, the different models proposed explain 52% of the satisfaction variance, 57% of perceived value and 59% of future intentions. In general, it seems that the management variables are better predictors than subjective well-being, emotions and age or gender since their inclusion does not greatly improve the model's predictive capacity. As far as QCA analyses are concerned, it seems that none of the conditions are necessary for high or low levels of satisfaction, perceived value or future intentions. On the other hand, based on sufficiency analyses, there seem to be 8 pathways or combinations of conditions leading to high levels of satisfaction and 13 for low levels, 11 combinations leading to high levels of IF and 10 leading to low levels; however, there are 6 combinations of conditions leading to high levels of PV and 5 leading to low levels. In general, some of the pathways consider only the management variables, although many of them consider the importance not only of the management variables but also of the interactions that these may have with emotional aspects and, to a lesser extent, with age and well-being. When comparing both methodologies, it can be observed that the QCA models are more explanatory than the HRM models and that they take into account aspects that seem unimportant when observing linear models (such as emotions or age). However, both methodologies should be considered complementary and used simultaneously since, by focusing on different aspects, enriched results are obtained. The results obtained will enable managers to make more efficient use of available resources to increase user satisfaction.

Predictive Variables of Adolescents' Intention to Be Physically Active after Graduation. Is Gender a Conditioning Factor?

The acquisition of physical activity habits during adolescence is fundamental to guarantee its adherence throughout life. However, these levels decrease during this stage, with women experimenting a more significant decrease. This paper aims to analyze if there are significant differences in the variables related to the intention to be physically active between men and women and if there is a moderating effect of gender on the variables that predict this intention. The sample is composed of 256 adolescents, aged between 16 and 19 years, 55.50% of whom are men, and 44.50% women. The results show that there are statistically significant differences (p < 0.05), with boys showing higher scores in the intention, athletic identity, and in the strength, condition, and attractiveness. About the predictive variables of the intention, the gender moderates the relationships between the physical attractiveness, condition and strength with the perceived behavioral control (pcfmale-pcfmale = 0.44; -0.48 p < 0.001; 0.27, p < 0.05, respectively), and between the subjective norm and the intention to be physically active (pcmale-female = 0.33, p < 0.01). These results highlight the importance of considering gender when designing specific policies for the promotion of physical-sports practice among adolescents to reduce the existing gender gap.

Sporting Habits of Urban Runners: Classification According to Their Motivation.

This study analyses the sporting habits of runners participating in short-distance urban running events to identify groups with different motivations towards the practice of endurance running and participation in urban running events. A sample consisting of 937 participants in the Valencia running circuit was interviewed using a questionnaire consisting of a scale of 22 items to analyse their motives for participating in popular races. An exploratory and confirmatory factorial analysis was carried out to check the validity of the instrument, and the analysis identified the following four factors into which the indicators were grouped: psychological and physical motives (3 items), social motives and interest in running events (5 items), occupation of time and social recognition (6 items) and competitive and material motives (3 items). Subsequently, a cluster analysis was performed by combining hierarchical and non-hierarchical methods, and the analysis identified the following three groups of runners with different characteristics: individual hedonists (n = 276), enthusiasts (n = 312) and socializing hedonists (n = 349). Enthusiastic runners consider most motives important when participating in running events, individual hedonists consider individual psychological and physical motives important, and socializing hedonists consider personal and social motives and interest in sport important. Variables related to age, educational level, annual income level, frequency of running, how the individuals went out to run and the level of the runners contributed to differentiating the identified groups. The results confirm the heterogeneous nature of urban runners.

Effect of Match Location, Team Ranking, Match Status and Tactical Dimensions on the Offensive Performance in Spanish 'La Liga' Soccer Matches.

The aim of this paper was to study the combined effects of tactical and contextual dimensions on achieving offensive performance in open play possessions from Spanish "La Liga" soccer matches. 1860 team possessions from 20 random matches were evaluated by means of multidimensional observation. Multilevel regression models were constructed to predict the probability to achieve offensive performance according to the tactical and contextual dimensions registered in each possession. Performing penetrative actions after recovering the ball (OR = 1.497; 95% CI: 1.022-2.192; P < 0.05), and progressing by fast attacks (OR = 3.588; 95% CI: 2.045-6.294; p < 0.001) or counterattacks (OR = 7.097; 95% CI: 3.530-14.269; P < 0.001) was more effective to create scoring opportunities than performing a non-penetrative action and progressing by combinative attack, respectively. Also, progressing by long possessions (OR = 5.057; 95% CI: 2.406-10.627; p < 0.001) was more effective than progressing by short possessions to create scoring opportunities. As for contextual dimensions, multivariate analyses showed how playing at home and against high-ranked opponents registered more likelihood of achieving offensive penetration, although no associations were found in the production of scoring opportunities. Tactical dimensions as initial penetration, type of attack and possession length played an important role on achieving offensive penetration and goal scoring opportunities in Spanish Soccer "La Liga".

Congruence and placement in sponsorship: An eye-tracking application.

Sporting events can be announced using sports posters and by disseminating advertisements on the internet, on the street and in print media. But until now, no prior research has measured the effectiveness of sponsorship in sporting event posters. This study uses eye tracking to measure the effectiveness of sporting event posters and proposes considering the level of the viewer's attention as an indicator. This research involves a factorial experiment based on the following variables: congruence, the number of sponsors, and placement of the sponsor's advertisement in a sporting event poster. The results indicate that sponsors positioned in the poster's area of action receive more attention. However, we were unable to prove that congruent sponsors receive more attention, as claimed in the literature. This result could be due to a situation of blindness towards the sponsor. The conclusion section of this paper discusses theoretical conclusions and potential managerial actions.

Why are you passive? Understanding teen's sports intentions by QCA and LM / ¿Por qué eres pasivo? Comprendiendo las intenciones deportivas de los adolescents mediante QCA y LM

Physical inactivity is one of the most critical issues in our society. Several studies have pointed that during adolescence Physical Activity levels decline the most, becoming a critical period in the acquisition of active lifelong habits. This study aims an understanding of the variables that predict the intention of being physically active (IPA) in high school students after completing their education, comparing two different methodologies: Lineal Models (LM) and Comparative Qualitative Analysis (QCA). No research has combined these methodologies before to see the intention of being physically active in high school. 307 adolescents from 14 to 19 years old (Mean=15.64 ±1.12), 55.5% boys, participated in the research. To get the results, a Hierarchical Regression Model with two steps; 1: Attitude toward the Behaviour (ATB), Perceived Behavioural Control (PBC) and Subjective Norm (SN); 2: Athletic Identity (AI) and Physical Self-concept (PSC) and a Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) were performed. The first step explain 26% of IPA while the addition on step to explains 65% 2 = .38), AI is the most influential aspect (beta =.74). Considering the fsQCA results, none of the conditions is crucial condition of IPA, although low levels of PBC seem to be the most important condition of not having IPA. Regarding sufficiency, five combinations explain 70% of IPA. The three most important combinations where having high levels of PSC and PBC; high levels of AI and ATB; and high levels PBC and ATB (explaining 45%; 60% and 43% respectively of IPA). In general QCA is more explanatory than LM AU)

La inactividad física es uno de los temas más críticos en nuestra sociedad. Diferentes estudios han señalado que durante la adolescencia los niveles de Actividad Física disminuyen, convirtiéndose en un período crítico en la adquisición de hábitos activos que perduren a lo largo de toda la vida. Es por ello que este estudio tiene como objetivo comprender las variables que predicen la intención de ser físicamente activo (IFA) en estudiantes de secundaria después de completar su educación, comparando dos metodologías diferentes: Modelos Lineales (ML) y Análisis Cualitativo Comparativo (ACC). Ninguna investigación ha combinado anteriormente estas metodologías para conocer la intención de ser físicamente activo en la escuela secundaria. 307 adolescentes de 14 a 19 años (x = 15,64 ± 1,12), 55,5% varones, participaron en la investigación. Para obtener los resultados, se realizó un Modelo de Regresión Jerárquica con dos pasos 1: Actitud hacia el Comportamiento (AHC), Control del Comportamiento Percibido (CCC) y Norma Subjetiva (NS); 2: Se añadió la identidad atlética (IA) y el autoconcepto físico (AF), y un análisis comparativo cualitativo de Fuzzy-set (fsQCA). El primer paso explica el 26% de IFA mientras que la adición en el siguiente paso explica el 65% (TrianguloR2 = .38), siendo IA el aspecto más influyente (beta = .74). Considerando los resultados de la fsQCA, ninguna de las condiciones es condición necesaria de las IFA, aunque los niveles bajos de CCC parecen ser la condición más importante de no tener IFA. En cuanto a la suficiencia, cinco combinaciones explican el 70% de las IFA. Las tres combinaciones más importantes donde tienen altos niveles de AF y CCC; altos niveles de IA y AHC; CCC y AHC (explicando un 45%, 60% y 43%, respectivamente, de IPA). En general, el ACC es más explicativo que el ML (AU)

Physical Education classes, sports motivation and adolescence: study of some moderating variables / Clases de Educación Física, motivación deportiva y adolescencia: Estudio de Algunas variables moderadoras

Adolescence is considered a stage in which there are high rates of sports drop out, and this evidence justifies the need to study those factors that may affect this fact. Importance and Utility of Physical Education Perception (IUPEP) is shown in the literature as a factor to consider when studying this phenomenon, and seems to be affected by the Sport Motivation (SM) of young people. Although the relationship between these two constructs has been studied, it has not been the moderating role that other constructs such as the Professor Learning Climate (PLC) or Student Learning Orientation (SLO) can have in this relationship. The present study analyzes the relationship between IUPEP and SM, as well as the moderating role of PLC and SLO in this relationship. This analyses was performed using the PROCESS macro (Hayes, 2013), designed for testing the moderation by directly assessing the significance of the indirect effect of the independent variable (X; SM) on the dependent variable (Y; IUPEP) through two moderators: PLC (M) and SLO (W). The study was carried out with 267 adolescents from eight classes of public centers in Valencia, aged between 11 and 18 years (mean = 14.04 ± 1.64), 52.8% male. The results suggest that Sports Motivation explains 21% of the Importance and Utility of Physical Education Perception, and, in addition, a moderating role of Professor Learning Climate and Student Learning Orientation in this relationship is observed (AU)

La adolescencia está considerada como una etapa en la que existen altas tasas de abandono deportivo, y esta evidencia justifica la necesidad de estudio de aquellos factores que puedan afectar a este hecho. La Percepción de la importancia y utilidad otorgada a la educación física (IUPEP) se muestra en la literatura como un factor a considerar a la hora de estudiar este fenómeno, y parece estar afectada por la motivación deportiva (SM) de los jóvenes. Aunque la relación entre estos dos constructos ha sido estudiada, no lo ha sido el papel moderador que pueden tener en esta relación otros constructos como el clima de aprendizaje propiciado por el profesor (PLC) o la orientación al aprendizaje del alumno (SLO). El presente estudio analiza la relación entre IUPEP y SM, así como el papel moderador de PLC y SLO en dicha relación. Para el análisis se utiliza la macro PROCESS (Hayes, 2013), diseñada para testear la moderación mediante la evaluación de la importancia del efecto indirecto de la variable independiente (X; SM) sobre la variable dependiente (Y; IUPEP), a través de dos moderadores: PLC (M) y SLO (W). El estudio se llevó a cabo con 267 adolescentes de ocho clases de centros públicos de Valencia, con edades comprendidas entre los 11 y 18 años, (Media=14.04 ± 1.64), 52.8 % varones. Los resultados sugieren que la motivación deportiva explica en 21% de la percepción de la importancia y utilidad de las clases de educación física, además de observarse un papel moderador del clima de aprendizaje propiciado por el profesor y la orientación al aprendizaje del alumno en esta relación (AU)

Percepción de los residentes sobre el legado de la America’s Cup / Percepção dos moradores sobre o legado da Copa América / Residents perceptions about the legacy of America’s Cup

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las percepciones de los residentes sobre el legado de un gran evento deportivo como es la America’s Cup (AC) celebrada en Valencia en 2007 y 2010. Se utilizó una encuesta compuesta por una escala de 41 ítems que contemplaban diversos legados positivos y negativos agrupados en seis dimensiones: legado socioeconómico; legado en el desarrollo urbano e infraestructuras; legado en la imagen, política y conocimiento; legado deportivo; legado sociocultural; y legado negativo. Se recogió una muestra de 735 residentes con un error de muestreo ±3.6. Los resultados permitieron identificar tres grupos de residentes con percepciones diferentes hacia el legado de la AC: pesimistas (46.9%), indiferentes (38.4%) y optimistas (14.7%). La mayoría de los ciudadanos entrevistados no se mostraba de acuerdo en que este evento deportivo haya generado legados positivos a nivel socioeconómico, en el desarrollo urbano y las infraestructuras, en el deporte y a nivel sociocultural, mientras que se observaba cierta tendencia al acuerdo en algunos legados negativos. Sólo el legado en la imagen, política y conocimiento adquirido por los residentes mostraba una tendencia positiva para la mayoría de los ciudadanos encuestados (AU)

O objetivo desse estudo foi analisar as percepções sobre dos habitantes de uma cidade sobre o legado de um grande evento esportivo (America’s Cup (AC)) realizado em Valencia (Espanha) nos anos de 2007 e 2010. Foi realizada uma entrevista composta por 41 itens que abordavam diversos legados, tanto positivos como negativos, agrupados em seis dimensões: do legado Socioeconômico, do legado do desenvolvimento urbano e infraestruturas, do legado da imagem, do legado político e conhecimento, do legado esportivo, do legado sociocultural e do legado negativo. Foram avaliados 735 habitantes, com um erro amostral de +3.6. Os resultados permitiram identificar três grupos de habitantes com percepções diferentes do legado do AC: pessimistas (46,9%), indiferentes (38,4%) e otimistas (14,7%). Grande parte dos entrevistados não se mostrou de acordo com que este evento esportivo tenha gerado legados positivos nas questões socioeconômicas, no desenvolvimento urbano e infraestruturas, no esporte e no âmbito sociocultural, enquanto se observou uma tendência concordando com alguns legados negativos. Apenas o legado de imagem, política e conhecimento adquirido pelos habitantes mostrava uma tendência positiva para a maioria dos entrevistados (AU)

The aim of this study was to analyze the residents perception about the legacy of a major sport event like the America’s Cup (AC) held in Valencia in 2007 and 2010 a survey consisting of a scale of 41 items with several positive and negative legacies for six dimensions was used: socioeconomic legacy; legacy in urban development and infrastructure; legacy image, politics and knowledge; sporting legacy; sociocultural legacy; and negative legacy. A sample of 735 residents representing a sampling error of ±3.6 was collected. The results identified three groups of residents with different perceptions of the legacy of AC: pessimists (46.9%), indifferent (38.4%) and optimists (14.7%). Most of those interviewed showed not agree that this sporting event has generated positive socioeconomic legacies, urban development and infrastructure, in sport and sociocultural level, while a tendency was observed to agree on some legacies negative. Only the legacy image, politics and knowledge acquired by residents showed a positive trend for the majority of citizens surveyed (AU)

Influencia de la website sobre el patrocinio: Segmentación PLS-POS / The influence of websites on soponsorship: PLS-Pos segmentation

El patrocinio es una de las técnicas de marketing no convencionales que más inversión atrae en el área deportiva. Junto con el sitio web, es una de las principales fuentes de ingresos de las entidades y organizaciones deportivas. Este estudio aplica una segmentación no observada orientada a la predicción (PLS-POS) con el objetivo de examinar el efecto del sitio web sobre el proceso de transmisión de imagen según la teoría propuesta por Gwinner (1997). Obtuvimos 225 encuestas insertando un cuestionario creado ad hoc en un banner de un evento internacional de tenis. La variable actitud hacia el deporte es la mejor variable para segmentar la muestra según los resultados del PLS-POS y la técnica de árbol de decisión CHAID. El estudio aporta dos importantes novedades, por un lado examina la influencia del sitio web sobre el efecto del patrocinio, y por otro, aplica una metodología inédita en el estudio del patrocinio

Sponsorship is among the unconventional marketing techniques that attract the most investment in the sports field. Along with webs, sponsorship is one the main sources of income for sports entities and organizations. Following Gwinner’s theory (1997), this study applies a predictionoriented unobserved segmentation (PLS-POS) with the aim of exploring the impact of websites on the image transfer process. We gathered 225 surveys by displaying a banner in a tennis international event. The variable ‘attitude towards sport’ is the best one for segmenting the sample according to the results of the PLS-POS method and the CHAID decision tree technique. The study introduces two significant developments: on one hand, it analyzes the impact of websites on the effect of sponsorship, while on the other hand it applies an unprecedented methodology to the study of sponsorship

Percepción social de la importancia, el impacto y los beneficios esperados de la celebración de los Juegos Mediterráneos de Tarragona en 2017 / Social perceptions of the importance, impact and expected benefits of the mediterranean games to be held in Tarragona in 2017 / Percepção social da importância, impacto e benefícios expectáveis da celebração dos jogos mediterrâneos de tarragona em 2017

The purpose of this study was to analyse the evolution between 2009 and 2010 of residents of Tarragona’s perceptions of the importance, impact and expected benefits of hosting the 2017 Mediterranean Games in Tarragona. A questionnaire was administered to two random samples of residents of Tarragona one year apart. The results showed high percentages of people who felt that this sporting event is either quite important or very important from an economic, social and sporting perspective and that it also has a high local and regional impact, albeit not so much at a national or international level. The residents felt that hosting the Mediterranean Games in Tarragona would be quite a benefit to almost all areas that are influential in a city’s development (infrastructure, tourism, the economy, employment, sports and sports facilities), in addition to the advantages for political groups, athletes, and the organizing committee. The evolution of the two samples was negative for most aspects included in the survey. Lower means and percentages were observed in the ‘quite’ and ‘a lot’ categories for the 2010 sample. The results of this study are useful for events organizers in developing strategies to improve citizens’ involvement, participation and identification with events

La finalidad de este estudio fue analizar la evolución entre los años 2009 y 2010 en la percepción de los tarraconenses sobre el grado de importancia, el impacto y los beneficios esperados de la celebración de los Juegos Mediterráneos de Tarragona en 2017. Se recogieron dos muestras de ciudadanos con un año de diferencia. Los resultados mostraron porcentajes elevados de personas que consideraban que este evento deportivo tiene bastante o mucha importancia económica, social y deportiva, así como una elevada repercusión a nivel local y autonómico, aunque no tan relevante a nivel estatal e internacional. Los tarraconenses consideraron que casi todas las áreas o sectores que influyen en el desarrollo de la ciudad (infraestructuras, turismo, economía, ocupación, práctica deportiva e instalaciones deportivas), los grupos políticos, los deportistas y el comité organizador se beneficiarían bastante o mucho de la celebración de los Juegos Mediterráneos en su ciudad. Asimismo la evolución entre las dos muestras fue negativa para la mayoría de aspectos consultados, observándose medias y porcentajes inferiores en las categorías de bastante y mucho para la muestra de 2010. Los resultados de este estudio son útiles a los organizadores del evento para desarrollar estrategias que permitan mejorar la implicación, participación e identificación de los ciudadanos con el evento

A finalidade deste estudo foi analisar a evolução entre os anos 2009 e 2010 na percepção dos tarraconenses sobre o grau de importância, impacto e benefícios expectáveis da celebração dos Jogos Mediterrâneos de Tarragona em 2017. Foram recolhidas duas amostras de cidadãos com um ano de diferença. Os resultados revelaram percentagens elevadas de pessoas que consideravam que este evento desportivo tem bastante ou muita importância económica, social e desportiva, assim como uma elevada repercussão a nível local e na comunidade autónoma, embora não tão relevante a nível estatal e internacional. Os tarraconenses consideraram quase todas as áreas ou sectores que influem no desenvolvimento da cidade (infraestruturas, turismo, economia, ocupação, prática desportiva e instalações desportivas), os grupos políticos, os desportistas e o comité organizador beneficiariam bastante ou muito da celebração dos Jogos Mediterrâneos na sua cidade. Contudo, a evolução entre as duas amostras foi negativa para a maioria dos aspectos analisados, observando-se médias e percentagens inferiores nas categorias bastante e muito para a amostra de 2010. Os resultados deste estudo são úteis aos organizadores do evento para que possam desenvolver estratégias que permitam melhorar a implicação, participação e identificação dos cidadãos com o evento

Análisis de la percepción de los residentes sobre el impacto cultural y deportivo de un Gran Premio de Fórmula 1 / Análise da percepção dos residentes sobre o impacto cultural e desportivo de um grande prêmio de fórmula 1 / Analysis of resident's perception on the cultural and sport impact of a formula 1 grand prix

El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la percepción de los residentes sobre el impacto cultural y deportivo del Gran Premio de Europa de Fórmula 1. Se realizó un análisis clúster, combinando métodos jerárquicos y no jerárquicos, que permitió encontrar tres grupos con percepciones diferentes hacia este evento deportivo: Desfavorables, Desfavorables Moderados y Favorables Moderados. Los residentes consideran de forma mayoritaria que este evento no tiene un impacto considerable a nivel cultural y deportivo. Asimismo, se encontraron diferencias entre los tres grupos de residentes en función del interés por la Fórmula 1, el respaldo al evento, la asistencia y el grado de identificación

O objetivo do estudo é analisar a percepção dos residentes em relação ao impacto cultural e desportivo do Grande Prêmio da Europa de Fórmula 1. Realizou-se uma análise cluster, combinando métodos hierárquicos e não hierárquicos, que permitiu encontrar três grupos com percepções diferentes frente a este evento esportivo: Desfavoráveis, Desfavoráveis Moderados e Favoráveis Moderados. Os residentes consideram em sua maioria que este evento não tem um impacto considerável no nível cultural e esportivo. Também se encontraram diferenças entre os três grupos de residentes em função do interesse pela Fórmula 1, o respaldo ao evento, a assistência e o grau de identificação

The aim of this study is to analyze the resident's perception about the cultural and sport impact of European Formula 1 Grand Prix. Cluster analysis was performed by combining hierarchical and nonhierarchical methods, which allowed us to differentiate three groups with different perceptions towards sporting event: Unfavorable, Moderate Unfavorable and Moderate Favorable. Most residents believe that this event has no significant impact to cultural and sporting level. Also, differences were found between the three groups of residents in the interest of Formula 1, the support for the event, attendance and the degree of identification